SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a differential monocyte activation that may contribute to age bias in COVID-19 severity

Differential Expression Patterns of Toll-like Receptors in COVID-19 Patients

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces the cytokine release syndrome by stimulating T cells to produce more IL-2

A Possible Role for Anti-idiotype Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination

Viruses, Free Full-Text

SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is not pro-inflammatory in human primary macrophages: endotoxin contamination and lack of protein glycosylation as possible confounders

Frontiers Cryo-electron microscopy in the fight against COVID-19—mechanism of virus entry

SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins fail to activate human dendritic cells or γδ T cells

The battle between host and SARS-CoV-2: Innate immunity and viral evasion strategies - ScienceDirect

Biomedicines, Free Full-Text

Recombinant human plasma gelsolin reverses increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier induced by the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Journal of Neuroinflammation

Innate immune recognition against SARS-CoV-2, Inflammation and Regeneration

Frontiers Early suppression of antiviral host response and protocadherins by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in THP-1-derived macrophage-like cells

Viruses, Free Full-Text

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway. - Abstract - Europe PMC